Speaker of the House John Boehner, R-Ohio, walks to a closed-door GOP caucus as Congress meets to negotiate a legislative path to avoid the so-called "fiscal cliff" of automatic tax increases and deep spending cuts that could kick in Jan. 1., at the Capitol in Washington, Sunday, Dec. 30, 2012. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)
Speaker of the House John Boehner, R-Ohio, walks to a closed-door GOP caucus as Congress meets to negotiate a legislative path to avoid the so-called "fiscal cliff" of automatic tax increases and deep spending cuts that could kick in Jan. 1., at the Capitol in Washington, Sunday, Dec. 30, 2012. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)
BANGKOK (AP) ? With just hours left before the U.S. hits the "fiscal cliff," stocks on the other side of the world wilted as investors sold off riskier assets to lock in profits just in case budget negotiations fail in Washington.
American political leaders face a Monday night deadline to reach an agreement before steep tax increases and spending cuts begin to take effect Jan. 1 ? this, at a time when the U.S. economy is still struggling to recover from the last recession.
Democrats and Republicans have failed so far to reach a budget deal despite intense negotiations. Much of the impasse centers on how to address the automatic tax increases that take effect in 2013. That's when tax cuts first enacted under President George W. Bush, and extended under President Barack Obama, are scheduled to expire.
That would drive taxes up for nearly all Americans and deplete the already fragile economy of $600 billion. And budget cuts of 8 percent or 9 percent would hit most of the federal government, touching all sorts of things from the military to weather forecasting.
Some economists predict the tax-and-spending effects of the fiscal cliff could eventually throw the economy into recession. If the deadline passes, politicians still have a few weeks to keep the tax hikes and spending cuts at bay by repealing them retroactively once a deal is reached.
Still, the failure to adhere to the deadline will be bad for investor confidence, according to Francis Lun, managing director of Lyncean Holdings in Hong Kong.
"I think the market reaction to that will be very negative. This means the U.S. will never be able to bring its house in order. And the deficit will continue to accumulate," Lun said. "No meaningful reform and no solution in sight. You can throw confidence out of the window."
The uncertainty drove down stock markets on the last trading day of the year. Australia's S&P/ASX 200 fell 0.5 percent to 4,648.90. Hong Kong's Hang Seng, trading for a half-day, was flat at 22,668.48. Benchmarks in New Zealand, Singapore and India also declined. Mainland Chinese stocks rose. Markets in Japan and South Korea were closed for the New Year's holidays.
Even if Washington bypasses the fiscal cliff, the next crisis is just around the corner, in late February or early March, when the government reaches a $16.4 trillion ceiling on the amount of money it can borrow.
Republicans won't go along with raising the limit on government borrowing unless the increase is matched by spending cuts to help attack the long-term debt problem. Failing to raise the debt ceiling could lead to a first-ever U.S. default that would roil the financial markets and shake worldwide confidence in the United States.
Compounding that is U.S. earnings season in February, according to Peter Esho, chief market analyst at CityIndex in Sydney.
"There are some very aggressive assumptions for earnings to improve in 2013 and ... if the earnings numbers don't meet expectations, it is going to be quite disappointing," Esho said.
Benchmark oil for February delivery fell 8 cents to $90.72 per barrel in electronic trading on the New York Mercantile Exchange. The contract fell 7 cents to finish at $90.80 per barrel in New York on Friday.
In currencies, the euro fell to $1.3215 from $1.3221 late Friday in New York. The dollar fell to 85.95 yen from 86.07 yen.
___
Follow Pamela Sampson on Twitter at http://twitter.com/pamelasampson
Big screen hunks Justin Timberlake and Hugh Jackman hit a high note together over a post-Christmas dinner? literally.
The actors, who?ve been known to sell out a crowd when they?ve taken over the microphone, were spotted having dinner at the ultra-exclusive Park Hyatt Beaver Creek Ski Resort and Spa in Avon, Colo. Dec. 27, an eyewitness told Celebuzz exclusively.
Members of a local church are doing their best to provide for kids after a car accident killed their mother and grandmother. They believe it's the best way to remember a woman who loved her three children.
Police said a drunken driver hit an SUV on Wednesday with Jennifer Hunt, her mother Marie Crook, and Hunt's two young daughters inside. Crook and Hunt died. The children are expected to be OK.
Read the full story: http://www.wsoctv.com/news/news/local/church-members-help-kids-after-mother-killed-car-a/nThSQ/
Two missing Georgia boys have been found safe in Texas and their father has been taken into police custody.
Moments after pleading for her boys' return on television, the boys' mother Theresa Nash received a phone call from a citizen in Texas who said he was with her sons.
"I was in complete disbelief," Nash told ABC Atlanta affiliate WSB-TV as she was boarding a plane to pick up her sons. "He immediately put the phone to Ben and Henry and I talked to them. They were very, very shaken up."
Police in Austin, Texas, were notified when someone recognized the boys and their father at a motel after seeing them on TV.
"They were playing with a Nerf ball, went back inside, they were with Daddy and they came back out and somebody said, 'Put your hands up,' and everybody put their hands up," Nash said.
The boys' father Daniel Cleary was arrested without incident, police said.
"We don't know why he chose Austin," Austin Police Cpl. Wuthipong Tantaksinanuki told WSB-TV. "I know that after he was taken into custody, we did recover a handgun -- a pistol -- and a large sum of money."
Daniel Cleary, who will be extradited to Georgia, faces a charge of interstate interference with custody, a felony, and could face other charges, McGee said.
Benjamin and Henry Cleary had been missing since Wednesday from the greater Atlanta area.
Benjamin, 9, and Henry, 7, had plans to leave with their father, Daniel Cleary, on an overnight trip to Chattanooga, Tenn., on Dec. 22. When they failed to return as scheduled on Dec. 26, their mother, Theresa Nash, who does not live with the boys' father, went to his house to check on them, only to find the phone disconnected and the house empty.
An Amber Alert was issued for the boys.
"There is a court order for them to contact me every day," Nash told ABCNews.com on Friday. "When I hadn't heard from them, and their father's phone was turned off, I went to their father's house to see if they were there. The house was cleared out as if they had moved."
Nash called Cleary "unstable," and said he had only been using cash since the boys went missing. Police said they had not found any charges on his credit card.
The three were spotted Friday at a Walmart in Jackson, Tenn., McGee said.
The boys were found on Henry's eighth birthday and were expected to be reunited with their mother today.
"They've been begging for an Xbox 360 for Christmas, and Santa brought them one so they need to come home because it's waiting," Nash said on Friday.
A prayer vigil that was scheduled tfor today at 2 p.m. in Georgia's Suwanee Town Center Park will be still be held for prayers of thanks.
MOSCOW (AP) ? President Vladimir Putin on Friday signed a bill banning Americans from adopting Russian children, part of a harsh response to a U.S. law targeting Russians deemed to be human rights violators.
Although some top Russian officials including the foreign minister openly opposed the bill and Putin himself had been noncommittal about it last week, he signed it less than 24 hours after receiving it from Parliament, where both houses passed it overwhelmingly.
The law also calls for closure of non-governmental organizations receiving American funding if their activities are classified as political ? a broad definition many fear could be used to close any NGO that offends the Kremlin.
It was not immediately clear when the law would take effect, but presidential spokesman Dmitry Peskov was quoted by the Interfax news agency as saying "practically, adoption stops on Jan. 1."
Children's rights ombudsman Pavel Astakhov said 52 children who were in the pipeline for U.S. adoption would remain in Russia.
The bill has angered Americans and Russians who argue it victimizes children to make a political point, cutting off a route out of frequently dismal orphanages for thousands.
"Our unlucky children, our orphans are suffering because they became small change in a political game between two states. This is immoral, this is cannibalism," veteran human rights campaigner Lyudmila Alexeyeva was quoted as saying by the state news agency RIA Novosti.
Vladimir Lukin, head of the Russian Human Rights Commission and a former ambassador to Washington, said he would challenge the law in the Constitutional Court.
UNICEF estimates that there are about 740,000 children not in parental custody in Russia while about 18,000 Russians are on the waiting list to adopt a child. The U.S. is the biggest destination for adopted Russian children ? more than 60,000 of them have been taken in by Americans over the past two decades.
Russians historically have been less enthusiastic about adopting children than most Western cultures. Putin, along with signing the adoption ban, on Friday issued an order for the government to develop a program to provide more support for adopted children.
Lev Ponomarev, one of Russia's most prominent human rights activists, hinted at that reluctance when he said Parliament members who voted for the bill should take custody of the children who were about to be adopted.
"The moral responsibility lies on them," he told Interfax. "But I don't think that even one child will be taken to be brought up by deputies of the Duma."
The law is in response to a measure signed into law by President Barack Obama this month that calls for sanctions against Russians assessed to be human rights violators.
That stems from the case of Sergei Magnitsky, a Russian lawyer who was arrested after accusing officials of a $230 million tax fraud. He was repeatedly denied medical treatment and died in jail in 2009. Russian rights groups claimed he was severely beaten and accused the Kremlin of failing to prosecute those responsible; a prison doctor who was the only official charged in the case was acquitted by a Moscow court on Friday.
The U.S. law galvanized Russian resentment of the United States, which Putin has claimed funded and encouraged the wave of massive anti-government protests that arose last winter.
The Parliament initially considered a relatively similar retaliatory measure, but amendments have expanded it far beyond a tit-for-tat response.
Many Russians have been distressed for years by reports of Russian children dying or suffering abuse at the hands of their American adoptive parents. The new Russian law was dubbed the "Dima Yakovlev Bill" after a toddler who died in 2008 when his American adoptive father left him in a car in broiling heat for hours.
Russians also bristled at how the widespread adoptions appeared to show them as hardhearted or too poor to take care of orphans. Astakhov, the children's ombudsman, charged that well-heeled Americans often got priority over Russians who wanted to adopt.
A few lawmakers even claimed that some Russian children were adopted by Americans only to be used for organ transplants or become sex toys or cannon fodder for the U.S. Army. A spokesman with Russia's dominant Orthodox Church said that children adopted by foreigners and raised outside the church will not enter God's kingdom.
___
Nataliya Vasilyeva in Moscow contributed to this story.
Your kitchen can benefit from little extra attention that you keep in mind while improving it. Home kitchen improvement tips can help you get quite right type of kitchen for your home where you would have adequate space, all essential accessories, finest counter tops, counters, excellent exhaustion system, well crafted and furnished cupboards or shelf and off course gas system.
The kitchen renovation requires a specialized skill to design its layout. The proper planning for plumbing, lightings and placement of the kitchen appliances of daily use are needed to be considered. This type of work can only be done by a professional experienced kitchen decorator. Professional kitchen decorators have the full knowledge of the things required in the kitchen such as appliances, stoves, ovens, refrigerators and the kind of issues may arise while moving on with the renovation work. A contractor will do the task of kitchen renovation with full preparations and prior arrangements. It is a fact that every kitchen is the focal point of any home, be it a house or an apartment or a small condo. There is no home without a cooking area since this is the place where all food preparation takes place. Not only have that but people also liked to hang out in the kitchen after a hard day?s work. Breakfast is eaten here, the afternoon coffee is also consumed here with some invited friends and children love doing their homework in the kitchen around their moms to help them with the algebra.
The extent of kitchen improvements depends on the current condition of the kitchen. If the kitchen is far outdated and requires new appliances, counters, and cabinets, you will obviously be spending more money. As we all know, kitchen improvement is an important part in home improvement; you can find good Kitchen Manufacturers those who can clearly tell you kitchens Direct and Budget Kitchen, and then you will know your design well for home improvement.??
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Objective: to endometrial carcinoma is common gynecologic malignant tumor, inrecent years the incidence rate increased year by year, with younger trend, the purpose ofthis study is based on the domestic and foreign endometrial cancer diagnosis and treatment,and other aspects of the new progress, and reference the specific circumstances, discussionof the new trend, we can realize the diagnosis and treatment of gap at home and abroad, toimprove the ability of diagnosis and treatment and reduce complications and provide thebasis.Methods: The2001.1-2010.12jilin university hospital maternity823were the secondexample palace membrane cancer patients the clinical data were retrospectively analyzed.The general situation of patients, medical history, auxiliary examination results, treatment,and pathological material of screening, record and the establishment of database. SPSS17.0application software for the statistics. Count data to rate said, using the chi-square test. P <0.05as a significant difference between the judgment standard.Results:1. The number of cases is increased year by year trend, a town in patients thanincreasing trend. Endometrial cancer patients, with an average age of53.11+/-9.68yearsold, the age distribution for53~56years old peak. Postmenopausal women, before and afterthe proportion (36.57%,63.43%).2. With high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, uterine fibroids, uterus XianJiZheng,primary infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome proportion of patients is increasing year byyear (P <0.05), average postmenopausal age of49.19years.3. Total misdiagnosis in7patients, patients were for premenopausal women,preoperative diagnosis are: the uterine fibroids, uterine XianJiZheng, endometrial polyps,submucosal fibroids; The misdiagnosis of17cases, accounting for2.07%of the total, thetentative preoperative diagnosis: cervical cancer.4. Preoperative diagnosis of pathology and scrape obtained than postoperativepathologic, pathological types of accuracy is better, for85.73%, organization the accuracy ofdifferentiation degree average, at66.91%. Vaginal ultrasonic sensitivity is better, for83.48%.To judge received lesions range muscular layer infiltration degree, and the results showed that the correlation between fair (related analysis showed that the relevant columnconnection number=0.597P <0.001Pearson ?s R=0.537P <0.001kappa=0.483P <0.001), whether to discuss the muscular layer invade embellish, no deep muscularis invade,whether of cervical involvement embellish sensitivity, specificity and accuracy are:56.6%,83.77%,75.54%;66.1%,94.42%and88.32%;44.00%,96.77%and91.94%, with lesionssize on received the accuracy of the muscular layer judge compatible, but sensitivity is bad,especially deep muscularis judgment. But for cervical invade the judgment of embellish isaccuracy.5. Preoperative fluid and cell positive rate was7.34%; One CA125positive rate was4.69%, CA125quartile100U/ml5cases were the III-stage IV.6. Open surgery in800(97.72%) patients; Laparoscopic surgery12(1.46%) cases). Yintype operation11(1.34%) were. Laparoscopic surgery and Yin type operation number isrising year by year.7. The operation scope(1) all the clinical stages GongQieChu range still with extensive neutron hysterectomyprimarily. In the I midterm accounted for56.06%; The ratio in II64.52%, all the uterus+double accessories resection in167cases, of which90.77%is extrafascial hysterectomy.(2) The pelvic lymph node dissections in622cases, postoperative36cases havemetastatic cancer, lymph nodes positive rate was5.79%, the number of lymph nodesdetected an average of10to22. At the same time line the abdominal aorta lymph nodedissection of the52cases,3cases had metastatic cancer, lymph node metastasis of positive5.7%. The average number of lymph node detection for:1~3. Preoperative clinical stage Ido pelvic lymph node dissections in543cases, positive nodes for positive rate:3.50%. Age<60years old, staging G1, muscle layer infiltration <1/2, endometrial adenocarcinoma ofthe sample of the clinical stage I endometrial carcinoma patients pelvic lymph nodemetastasis rate is only0.02%.(3) keep ovarian surgery for97(11.79%) patients, all for patients with stage I, the ageof patients in the17~45years old between, with an average age of31to35years. In A, B,C each group has increased year by year (P <0.05).8. Intraoperatie fast pathologic judge the sensitivity of the muscular layer assaultembellish, specificity, accuracy were79.23%,90.91%,82.18%; No deep muscularis invadethe sensitivity, specificity, embellish accuracy were60.00%,97.22%,90.80%.9. Endometrial glands sample783cases (90.11%). The endometrial cancer samples75 cases (9.89%).(1) the endometrial carcinoma in sample postmenopausal group proportion ofpostmenopausal group than not. The endometrial adenocarcinoma of the kind ofdifferentiation medium, low proportion of higher than the endometrial cancer samples, theendometrial carcinoma in sample ?/? period was significantly higher than the proportionof I/phase II, the chi-square test are significant difference (P <0.05).(2) muscle layer infiltration in than1/2, the composition of the G1than high, and thefrequency of muscular layer invade in1/2embellish,> the G1component ratio is high, andthe chi-square test significant difference (P <0.05).10. Occurred after anemia or anemia increase in217(26.37%) were; Postoperativeinfection in92(11.18%) cases, respiratory system symptom for45patients, urinary tractsymptoms for14cases, poor healing incision23cases,5underwent minus a suture art;Occurred after lymphocele46(5.58%) cases,32cases with conservative treatment to absorb,4cases puncture pumping art; Postoperative obstruction9(10.94%) were, both byconservative treatment cured. Thrombotic disease6(0.72%) cases, turn to the relevantdepartments to improve after all, ureteral fistula in3(0.36%) cases, both by the improvedafter surgery; Respiratory failure occurred3(0.36%) patients,2cases better;1(0.12%) casesof bowel perforation, line operatie repair.823examples within the film cancer patients,322cases were followed up rate was39.13%.Conclusion1, the number increased year by year, there is a trend of getting, a town than patientsincreases year by year.2, combined with high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, primary infertility, uterinefibroids, uterus XianJiZheng, polycystic ovary syndrome of endometrial carcinoma patientsincreased year after year; Have delayed menopause phenomenon. To high-risk groups shouldbe positive for the disease, the Suggestions do regular physical examination.3, premenopausal patients especially the menopausal transition patients, if haveirregular vaginal bleeding, menstrual disorders, by volume and increase of clinicalmanifestations, should be alert to the possibility of endometrial cancer, to reducingmisdiagnosis and misdiagnosed cases.4, preoperative diagnosis should be hysteroscopy, ultrasonic, scraping, combined withthe advantages of each, in order to improve the accuracy of the early diagnosis, I branch should strengthen the CT and MRI of preoperative diagnosis in the application.5, liquid and positive of cytologic examination is relatively low; Serum CA125toendometrial cancer early lack of sensitivity, but cases of late have a certain reference value.6, I branch in species, minimally invasive surgery in surgical trend, basic can keep upwith the domestic and foreign development trend, all have to try, but tend to be conservative.7, for I/phase II patients, shall be properly narrow hysterectomy scope; I endometrialcancer patients <60years old age, organization differentiation G1, endometrialadenocarcinoma, sample muscular layer infiltration <1/2of the pelvic lymph nodemetastasis rate is only0.02%, but no lymph node dissections, invaded the muscular layer ofuncertainty embellish patients can be bank was fast pathologic. Keep the feasibility ofovarian surgery needs further research.8, fast pathologic muscular layer to invade the accuracy of embellish judge higher, ondeep muscularis invade the judgment of embellish sensitivity is lower, but specific good, canbe used as a kind of testing tools.9, the endometrial cancer samples for postmenopausal women, the organizationdifferentiation is poor, the clinical stage late; Organization of the pathology of poorlydifferentiated more prone to deep muscularis assault embellish. Should strengthen theendometrial adenocarcinoma of the kind of importance in the early diagnosis and treatment,to guide clinical prognostic and treatment of some significance.10, incidence rate of postoperative complications were all low level, and has no specialcomplications; Follow-up rate is low, no established disease diagnosis and treatment to crossover files, difficult to statistical5-year survival rate.
Title: Clinical Analysis of823Cases of Endometrial Cancer
Category: Ovarian Cancer
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Study shows early cognitive problems among those who eventually get Alzheimer'sPublic release date: 28-Dec-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Terry Lynam tlynam@nshs.edu 516-465-2600 North Shore-Long Island Jewish (LIJ) Health System
MANHASSET, NY -- People who study or treat Alzheimer's disease and its earliest clinical stage, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), have focused attention on the obvious short-term memory problems. But a new study suggests that people on the road to Alzheimer's may actually have problems early on in processing semantic or knowledge-based information, which could have much broader implications for how patients function in their lives.
Terry Goldberg, PhD, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral science at the Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine and director of neurocognition at the Litwin Zucker Center for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders at The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research in Manhasset, NY, said that clinicians have observed other types of cognitive problems in MCI patients but no one had ever studied it in a systematic way. Many experts had noted individuals who seemed perplexed by even the simplest task. In this latest study, published in this month's issue of the American Journal of Psychiatry, investigators used a clever series of tests to measure a person's ability to process semantic information.
Do people with MCI have trouble accessing different types of knowledge? Are there obvious semantic impairments that have not been picked up before? The answer was "yes."
In setting out to test the semantic processing system, Dr. Goldberg and his colleagues needed a task that did not involve a verbal response. That would only confuse things and make it harder to interpret the results. They decided to use size to test a person's ability to use semantic information to make judgments between two competing sets of facts. "If you ask someone what is bigger, a key or an ant, they would be slower in their response than if you asked them what is bigger, a key or a house," explained Dr. Goldberg. The greater the difference in size between two objects, the faster a person -- normal or otherwise -- can recognize the difference and react to the question.
Investigators brought in 25 patients with MCI, 27 patients with Alzheimer's and 70 cognitively fit people for testing. They found large differences between the healthy controls and the MCI and Alzheimer's patients. "This finding suggested that semantic processing was corrupted," said Dr. Goldberg. "MCI and AD (Alzheimer's disease) patients are really affected when they are asked to respond to a task with small size differences."
They then tweaked the task by showing pictures of a small ant and a big house or a big ant and a small house. This time, the MCI and AD patients did not have a problem with the first part of the test -- they were able to choose the house over the ant when asked what was bigger. But if the images were incongruent the big ant seemed just as big as the small house they were confused, they answered incorrectly or took longer to arrive at a response.
Patients with MCI were functioning somewhere between the healthy people and those with AD. "When the decision was harder, their reaction time was slower," he said.
Would this damaged semantic system have an effect on everyday functions? To answer this question, investigators turned to the UCSD Skills Performance Assessment scale, a tool that they have been using in MCI and AD patients that is generally used to identify functional deficits in patients with schizophrenia. The test taps a person's ability to write a complex check or organize a trip to the zoo on a cold day.
This is actually a good test to figure out whether someone has problems with semantic knowledge. Semantic processing has its seat in the left temporal lobe. "The semantic system is organized in networks that reflect different types of relatedness or association," the investigators wrote in their study. "Semantic items and knowledge have been acquired remotely, often over many repetitions, and do not reflect recent learning."
Dr. Goldberg said the finding is critically important because it may be possible to strengthen these semantic processing connections through training. "It tells us that something is slowing down the patient and it is not episodic memory but semantic memory," he said. They will continue to study these patients over time to see if these semantic problems get worse as the disease advances.
In an accompanying editorial, David P. Salmon, PhD, of the Department of Neurosciences at the University of California in San Diego, said that the "semantic memory deficit demonstrated by this study adds confidence to the growing perception that subtle decline in this cognitive domain occurs in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Because the task places minimal demands on the effortful retrieval process, overt word retrieval, or language production, it also suggests that this deficit reflects an early and gradual loss of integrity of semantic knowledge."
He added that a "second important aspect of this study is the demonstration that semantic memory decrements in patients with mild cognitive impairment may contribute to a decline in the ability to perform usual activities of daily living."
###
About The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research
Headquartered in Manhasset, NY, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research is home to international scientific leaders in many areas including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, psychiatric disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, sepsis, human genetics, pulmonary hypertension, leukemia, neuroimmunology, and medicinal chemistry. The Feinstein Institute, part of the North Shore-LIJ Health System, ranks in the top 5th percentile of all National Institutes of Health grants awarded to research centers. For more information visit www.FeinsteinInstitute.org.
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Study shows early cognitive problems among those who eventually get Alzheimer'sPublic release date: 28-Dec-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Terry Lynam tlynam@nshs.edu 516-465-2600 North Shore-Long Island Jewish (LIJ) Health System
MANHASSET, NY -- People who study or treat Alzheimer's disease and its earliest clinical stage, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), have focused attention on the obvious short-term memory problems. But a new study suggests that people on the road to Alzheimer's may actually have problems early on in processing semantic or knowledge-based information, which could have much broader implications for how patients function in their lives.
Terry Goldberg, PhD, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral science at the Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine and director of neurocognition at the Litwin Zucker Center for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders at The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research in Manhasset, NY, said that clinicians have observed other types of cognitive problems in MCI patients but no one had ever studied it in a systematic way. Many experts had noted individuals who seemed perplexed by even the simplest task. In this latest study, published in this month's issue of the American Journal of Psychiatry, investigators used a clever series of tests to measure a person's ability to process semantic information.
Do people with MCI have trouble accessing different types of knowledge? Are there obvious semantic impairments that have not been picked up before? The answer was "yes."
In setting out to test the semantic processing system, Dr. Goldberg and his colleagues needed a task that did not involve a verbal response. That would only confuse things and make it harder to interpret the results. They decided to use size to test a person's ability to use semantic information to make judgments between two competing sets of facts. "If you ask someone what is bigger, a key or an ant, they would be slower in their response than if you asked them what is bigger, a key or a house," explained Dr. Goldberg. The greater the difference in size between two objects, the faster a person -- normal or otherwise -- can recognize the difference and react to the question.
Investigators brought in 25 patients with MCI, 27 patients with Alzheimer's and 70 cognitively fit people for testing. They found large differences between the healthy controls and the MCI and Alzheimer's patients. "This finding suggested that semantic processing was corrupted," said Dr. Goldberg. "MCI and AD (Alzheimer's disease) patients are really affected when they are asked to respond to a task with small size differences."
They then tweaked the task by showing pictures of a small ant and a big house or a big ant and a small house. This time, the MCI and AD patients did not have a problem with the first part of the test -- they were able to choose the house over the ant when asked what was bigger. But if the images were incongruent the big ant seemed just as big as the small house they were confused, they answered incorrectly or took longer to arrive at a response.
Patients with MCI were functioning somewhere between the healthy people and those with AD. "When the decision was harder, their reaction time was slower," he said.
Would this damaged semantic system have an effect on everyday functions? To answer this question, investigators turned to the UCSD Skills Performance Assessment scale, a tool that they have been using in MCI and AD patients that is generally used to identify functional deficits in patients with schizophrenia. The test taps a person's ability to write a complex check or organize a trip to the zoo on a cold day.
This is actually a good test to figure out whether someone has problems with semantic knowledge. Semantic processing has its seat in the left temporal lobe. "The semantic system is organized in networks that reflect different types of relatedness or association," the investigators wrote in their study. "Semantic items and knowledge have been acquired remotely, often over many repetitions, and do not reflect recent learning."
Dr. Goldberg said the finding is critically important because it may be possible to strengthen these semantic processing connections through training. "It tells us that something is slowing down the patient and it is not episodic memory but semantic memory," he said. They will continue to study these patients over time to see if these semantic problems get worse as the disease advances.
In an accompanying editorial, David P. Salmon, PhD, of the Department of Neurosciences at the University of California in San Diego, said that the "semantic memory deficit demonstrated by this study adds confidence to the growing perception that subtle decline in this cognitive domain occurs in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Because the task places minimal demands on the effortful retrieval process, overt word retrieval, or language production, it also suggests that this deficit reflects an early and gradual loss of integrity of semantic knowledge."
He added that a "second important aspect of this study is the demonstration that semantic memory decrements in patients with mild cognitive impairment may contribute to a decline in the ability to perform usual activities of daily living."
###
About The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research
Headquartered in Manhasset, NY, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research is home to international scientific leaders in many areas including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, psychiatric disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, sepsis, human genetics, pulmonary hypertension, leukemia, neuroimmunology, and medicinal chemistry. The Feinstein Institute, part of the North Shore-LIJ Health System, ranks in the top 5th percentile of all National Institutes of Health grants awarded to research centers. For more information visit www.FeinsteinInstitute.org.
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At Olduvai Gorge, where excavations helped to confirm Africa was the cradle of humanity, scientists now find the landscape once fluctuated rapidly, likely guiding early human evolution.
These findings suggest that key mental developments within the human lineage may have been linked with a highly variable environment, researchers added.
Olduvai Gorge is a ravine cut into the eastern margin of the Serengeti Plain in northern Tanzania that holds fossils of hominins ? members of the human lineage. Excavations at Olduvai Gorge by Louis and Mary Leakey in the mid-1950s helped to establish the African origin of humanity.
The Great Drying?
To learn more about the roots of humanity, scientists analyzed samples of leaf waxes preserved in lake sediments at Olduvai Gorge, identifying which plants dominated the local environment around 2 million years ago. This was about when Homo erectus, a direct ancestor of modern humans who used relatively advanced stone tools, appeared.
"We looked at leaf waxes, because they're tough, they survive well in the sediment," researcher Katherine Freeman, a biogeochemist at Pennsylvania State University, said in a statement.
After four years of work, the researchers focused on carbon isotopes ? atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons ? in the samples, which can reveal what plants reigned over an area. The grasses that dominate savannas engage in a kind of photosynthesis that involves both normal carbon-12 and heavier carbon-13, while trees and shrubs rely on a kind of photosynthesis that prefers carbon-12. (Atoms of carbon-12 each possess six neutrons, while atoms of carbon-13 have seven.)
Scientists had long thought Africa went through a period of gradually increasing dryness ? called the Great Drying ? over 3 million years, or perhaps one big change in climate that favored the expansion of grasslands across the continent, influencing human evolution. However, the new research instead revealed "strong evidence for dramatic ecosystem changes across the African savanna, in which open grassland landscapes transitioned to closed forests over just hundreds to several thousands of years," researcher Clayton Magill, a biogeochemist at Pennsylvania State University, told LiveScience. [Know Your Roots? Take Our Human Evolution Quiz]
The researchers discovered that Olduvai Gorge abruptly and routinely fluctuated between dry grasslands and damp forests about five or six times during a period of 200,000 years.
"I was surprised by the magnitude of changes and the rapid pace of the changes we found," Freeman told LiveScience. "There was a complete restructuring of the ecosystem from grassland to forest and back again, at least based on how we interpret the data. I've worked on carbon isotopes my whole career, and I've never seen anything like this before."
Losing water
The investigators also constructed a highly detailed record of water history in Olduvai Gorge by analyzing hydrogen isotope ratios in plant waxes and other compounds in nearby lake sediments. These findings support the carbon isotope data, suggesting the region experienced fluctuations in aridity, with dry periods dominated by grasslands and wet periods characterized by expanses of woody cover.
"The research points to the importance of water in an arid landscape like Africa," Magill said in a statement. "The plants are so intimately tied to the water that if you have water shortages, they usually lead to food insecurity."
The research team's statistical and mathematical models link the changes they see with other events at the time, such as alterations in the planet's movement. [50 Amazing Facts About Earth]
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"The orbit of the Earth around the sun slowly changes with time," Freeman said in statement. "These changes were tied to the local climate at Olduvai Gorge through changes in the monsoon system in Africa."
Earth's orbit around the sun can vary over time in a number of ways ? for instance, Earth's orbit around the sun can grow more or less circular over time, and Earth's axis of spin relative to the sun's equatorial plane can also tilt back and forth. This alters the amount of sunlight Earth receives, energy that drives Earth's atmosphere.
"Slight changes in the amount of sunshine changed the intensity of atmospheric circulation and the supply of water," Freeman said. "The rain patterns that drive the plant patterns follow this monsoon circulation. We found a correlation between changes in the environment and planetary movement."
The team also found links between changes at Olduvai Gorge and sea-surface temperatures in the tropics.
"We find complementary forcing mechanisms ? one is the way Earth orbits, and the other is variation in ocean temperatures surrounding Africa," Freeman said.
These findings now shed light on the environmental shifts the ancestors of modern humans might have had to adapt to in order to survive and thrive.
"Early humans went from having trees available to having only grasses available in just 10 to 100 generations, and their diets would have had to change in response," Magill said in a statement. "Changes in food availability, food type, or the way you get food can trigger evolutionary mechanisms to deal with those changes. The result can be increased brain size and cognition, changes in locomotion and even social changes ? how you interact with others in a group."
This variability in the environment coincided with a key period in human evolution, "when the genus Homo was first established and when there was first evidence of tool use," Magill said.
The researchers now hope to examine changes at Olduvai Gorge not just across time but space, which could help shed light on aspects of early human evolution such as foraging patterns.
Magill, Freeman and their colleague Gail Ashley detailed their findings online Dec. 24 in two papers in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Follow LiveScience on Twitter @livescience. We're also on Facebook and Google+.
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LONDON (AP) ? Nearly a month after leaving the Los Angeles Galaxy, David Beckham is considering "a number of serious proposals" but is in no rush to find a new team.
He has been linked to clubs in France, Australia and Asia in what would be the final chapter of the illustrious career of the 37-year-old midfielder and former England captain.
A "host of clubs" have made offers, Beckham's management company said in a statement to The Associated Press on Thursday, but it remains "early days in the process."
"David is in no hurry to make a decision, the key is making the right one as he has always done successfully in his career," the statement said.
Beckham ended his five-year stint in the United States by helping the Galaxy win the MLS Cup on Dec. 1.
He has said it's unlikely he will return to the English Premier League, where he starred for Manchester United from 1993 to 2003. Beckham is also reported to have ruled out a move to Australia's A-League.
The French sports newspaper L'Equipe said Thursday that Monaco, an ambitious French second-division club, has ended talks with Beckham, although his advisers have refused to comment.
"David is enjoying spending quality time with his family over the holidays," his management company said.
Beckham has also played for Real Madrid in Spain and AC Milan on loan in Italy.
CHICAGO (AP) -- Illinois lawmakers soon will face two critical decisions over how to fully carry out President Barack Obama's health care overhaul.
With attention turning in 2013 to how states will implement the health law, Gov. Pat Quinn is pushing legislation to establish a state-run health insurance exchange to help middle-class citizens and small businesses, along with a multi-billion-dollar expansion of Medicaid to cover the poor. While the state's Democratic leaders generally have supported the new health care law, neither proposal will be a slam dunk for passage.
Consumer groups and the insurance industry are warring over whether the state should be able to negotiate with insurers to get lower premiums for people participating in the health insurance exchange. It's not clear where the governor stands, but it would be difficult to pass a bill over the industry's objections.
Quinn is expected to get support from the hospital industry and major insurance companies for the Medicaid expansion, since it involves bringing billions of federal dollars to the state, but some legislators object in principle to such an expansion of government programs. States do not have to expand their Medicaid programs under a U.S. Supreme Court decision issued earlier this year.
The Medicaid issue could be addressed when the legislative session begins Jan. 2, before several dozen lame-duck lawmakers leave office.
With or without new legislation, the Quinn administration has signed up for an initial partnership with the federal government to run an insurance exchange ? a sort of Travelocity for health insurance ? for coverage starting in 2014. Illinois residents will be able to comparison shop for insurance plans starting Oct. 1.
Here's a look at the issues lawmakers will face as they consider their votes:
Q. Who would get insurance coverage under the Medicaid expansion?
A. Starting in 2014, an estimated 500,000 to 600,000 uninsured Illinois residents would be newly eligible for coverage by Medicaid, the government health program for the poor and disabled. Most of them would be low-income adults without children at home.
Hospitals and clinics would benefit, too, because they would get paid for care they now provide free or write off as bad debt.
Left out, however, would be illegal immigrants. People living in the United States without permission wouldn't be eligible for Medicaid or, for that matter, any other coverage offered in the new health insurance exchanges.
Health-care advocates hope to persuade Illinois lawmakers, district by district, of the personal impact of the Medicaid expansion. One group analyzed Census data to estimate the number of people who would benefit in each Illinois legislative district.
"What is clear is there are low-income, uninsured people in every district from Chicago to downstate Illinois," said Stephani Becker, of the Chicago-based Health and Disability Advocates.
Q. How much would the Medicaid expansion cost the state?
A. The federal government would pay the entire cost of expanding Medicaid to newly eligible Illinois residents for the first three years starting in 2014. The federal share falls to 90 percent by 2020, with the state paying the rest.
State costs would mount to more than $2 billion through 2022, according to a November report from the nonpartisan Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, which estimates the expansion would bring another $22 billion in federal money to the state during that time.
The powerful Illinois Hospital Association says that extra money would create jobs.
"We're talking about billions of dollars coming into the state through federal Medicaid matching funds," said A.J. Wilhelmi, of the hospital association. "That results in a great deal of economic activity in communities across the state and literally tens of thousands of jobs."
Besides hospitals, the list of supporters of the Medicaid expansion includes AARP Illinois, Aetna, Blue Cross Blue Shield of Illinois, the Illinois Academy of Family Physicians and numerous community health centers and patient groups.
It's a powerful list. But some lawmakers are wary of increasing Medicaid costs to the state, said Rep. David Harris, an Arlington Heights Republican who serves on the board of Advocate Lutheran General Hospital in Park Ridge.
Medicaid is an expensive program for a financially struggling state, said Harris, who hasn't decided how he'll vote. "When we start big expansions of an expensive program, that's a big expense," he said.
Q. Who would benefit from Illinois running its own health insurance exchange?
A. Whether run by the state or the federal government, the exchanges envisioned in the health law are intended to be consumer-friendly online marketplaces, one in every state, where people could comparison shop for health insurance plans, just as they now shop for airline tickets on the Web.
Most people buying insurance through the exchanges would get taxpayer-financed subsidies, and the exchanges will help people who qualify enroll in Medicaid. Participating insurance plans would have to take all applicants, regardless of pre-existing health problems. The exchanges would feature cost calculators to help consumers figure out how much they would pay.
An estimated 486,000 Illinois residents will get coverage from commercial insurers through the exchange in 2014, growing to 1 million customers by 2016. The health law requires exchanges to be self-sustaining by 2015. A report last year by the Wakely Consulting Group estimated annual operating costs for an Illinois-run exchange could reach $89 million, a cost that could be passed on to customers in their premiums.
The benefit of an Illinois-run exchange would be keeping state regulators ? not Washington ? clearly overseeing the system and the insurance industry. Insurance companies want that, said one lobbyist.
"Our preference is a state-run exchange. The way we see insurance markets is they should be regulated at the state level," said Elena Butkus, of Aetna Inc.
Consumer groups also want a state-run exchange, but for vastly different reasons. They see an opportunity to keep prices lower by allowing the state exchange, which could be a quasi-governmental entity with its own governing board, to negotiate insurance premium rates.
"The state already (negotiates rates) for state workers and state legislators' insurance coverage," said Jim Duffett, of the Campaign for Better Health Care. "This isn't something that's a new idea."
___
The Medicaid expansion bill is HB6253.
Bill numbers haven't been assigned to insurance exchange legislation.
FAIRBANKS, Alaska (AP) ? Blind and alone in Alaska winter temperatures that dipped 40 degrees below zero, a lost 8-year-old Fairbanks dog wasn't given much of a chance to make it home.
But after walking 10 miles to the edge of a local musher's dog yard, Abby the brown-and-white mixed breed was found and returned to her owners, a family that includes two boys and one girl under the age of 10.
The dog that the family raised from an animal-shelter puppy went missing during a snowstorm on Dec. 13, and the family never expected to see her again, The Fairbanks Daily News-Miner reported (http://bit.ly/VhceSZ ).
"It's a miracle, there's no other words to describe it," said McKenzie Grapengeter, emotion choking her voice and tears coming to her eyes. "We never expected to have her to be returned safe and alive."
Musher and veterinarian Mark May said he came across the dog while running his team on Dec. 19, but didn't stop to pick her up.
"It ran with us for about a mile on the way home before she fell off the pace, but I had a big dog team so I couldn't grab it," he said. "I said, 'boy I hope it finds somebody's house.'"
The next day, the dog turned up at May's house.
"Everybody just assumed it was some kind of scaredy-cat, but there it was in front of the door in our dog lot and it was blind," May said. "It was sitting there, all the way from 14 mile on the winter trail down into this neighborhood, I guess by just sniffing, so I picked it up and brought it in."
To May's surprise, the dog had no signs of frostbite.
"No frozen ears, no frozen toes, she'll probably go back home and it'll (be) business as usual. She's no worse for wear but quite an adventure," he said.
The Grapengeter family hadn't tagged or put a microchip in the dog, but the community used social media to track down Abby's owners.
"We're so, so grateful for all (the community's) hard work," McKenzie Grapengeter said. "They've given us the most amazing Christmas gift we could ever ask for."
When you say the word Cord, most car enthusiasts think of the ?coffin nose? 810/812 models, designed by Gordon Buehrig for the 1936 and 1937 model years. There was much about the ?36-?37 Cords that was revolutionary, or at the very least advanced for their day. Buehrig?s art deco masterpiece was E. L. Cord?s automotive swan song. His styling included hideaway headlights flush mounted in pontoon fenders, hidden door hinges, no running boards, and that distinctive one piece hood was hinged at the cowl and opened from the front, not from the sides as in most prewar cars. From a technical standpoint, what people remember about the ?36 Cord is that it had front wheel drive. Some mistakenly believe that the Cord 810 was the first front wheel drive American production car. Actually, the first front wheel drive Cord was the L-29, named for 1929, its year of introduction. The L-29 was not just the first Cord with front wheel drive, it was indeed the first American car with front wheel drive that was offered for sale to the public, beating the now obscure Ruxton to the market by a few months.
1929 Cord L-29. It sits lower than the 1940 Ford next to it. More photos here.
The Ruxton is best remembered for its stylish but ineffective Woodlight headlamps. Pretty much nobody then knew who Ruxton was (the company was named to entice a potential investor, who demurred but by then the name had ironically stuck) but by 1929 plenty of people knew who E.L. Cord was. Errett Loban Cord was a savvy businessman, a wheeler dealer, a pioneer in a variety of industries and the father of some of the greatest automobiles ever made.
A racecar driver and mechanic and then a successful car salesman, he was brought in by Auburn in 1924 to help turn the moribund company around. By 1928 he owned Auburn, part of a growing empire that eventually included Duesenberg, Lycoming Engines, Stinson Aircraft, radio stations, the predecessor of American Airlines, and for a while the Checker Cab and Checker Motor companies (which got him into trouble with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
For 1929, Cord decided to launch his self-named brand to slot in between the supremely patrician Duesenberg and the slightly more plebeian (but still not cheap) Auburns. Racing legend Harry Miller had already demonstrated the promise of front wheel drive on the racetrack. E.L. Cord realized that FWD had some advantages for road cars as well so he had Cornelius Van Ranst design a front drive layout based on Miller?s patents, using a straight eight Lycoming engine sitting behind the gearbox with a De Dion axle and inboard drum brakes up front.
Cornelius Van Ranst designed the Cord FWD layout based on Harry Miller?s patents. More pics here.
By eliminating the need for a driveshaft to the back axle, the engine and transmission could sit low in the chassis, allowing not just a lower center of gravity but also letting the body sit lower to the ground. The long drivetrain meant that stylist Alan Leamy could give the L-29 an exceptionally long hood. Leamy used the long hood and the low body to give the car a rakish and very sporting look, not unlike chopped and channeled hot rods.
The L-29 was not a huge success, having the misfortune of being introduced a few months before the stock market crashed and the Great Depression was triggered. It also was heavy, slow, and had some reliability issues, so only a few thousand were made and sold, ending production in 1932. Still, the L-29 remains the first American production car to offer front wheel drive and it continues to be a great looking car, timelessly rakish and sporting.
Architect Frank Lloyd Wright?s L-29 in his signature Taliesin Orange color. More pics here.
To promote the then revolutionary layout, the Auburn Automobile Company published a 15 page brochure with technical drawings of the chassis, photos of the L-29 with various body styles in locations in what I believe was southern California, extensive technical specifications and about two pages of advertising copy, attributed to E. L. Cord himself, titled Why We Introduce A Front Drive Automobile.
It?s fun to watch Cord (or whoever wrote the text) try to tout FWD as the latest and greatest while insisting that the traditionally laid out Auburns and Duesenbergs were not being made obsolete by his company?s new brand. In many ways, the brochure isn?t that much different than what you?d see today, though a modern advertisement is not likely to start out with two pages of text from the company founder.
Ronnie Schreiber edits Cars In Depth, a realistic perspective on cars & car culture and the original 3D car site. If you found this post worthwhile, you can dig deeper and get a parallax view at Cars In Depth. If the 3D thing freaks you out, don?t worry, all the photo and video players in use at the site have mono options. Thanks? for reading? RJS
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Public release date: 28-Dec-2012
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